Retinal disparity refers to the subtle differences in the images projected to the two retinas from an object at near (less than five meters) viewing distances. Thus, sensitivity to depth from motion is present in very early infancy and does not require the use of both eyes (Kellman and Arterberry 1998). A rapidly approaching (looming) stimulus elicits a blink response in one-month-olds, and motion parallax (more rapid image speed for near than for far objects) enables three-month-olds to discriminate small differences in object distance. The relative distance (depth) of objects can be appreciated using three different sources of information: motion, retinal disparity, and pictorial cues. Aslin, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 6 Depth and Binocular Rivalry To this end, we start the discussion of interactivity in visualization with the typical costs associated with getting knowledge, including, eye movements, visual processing, and the time to navigate an information space by means of mouse clicks, walking, or zooming. Ultimately design decisions should stem from the goal of creating visualizations that are efficient cognitive tools. The idea of 2.5D design is introduced as a way of specifically taking the structure of visual space into account, and introducing elements of 3D in a judicious way to enhance a mostly 2D information display. The picture plane dimensions of visual space are very different from the depth dimension in terms of how information is processed by the brain. In a 3D environment, our viewpoint determines how information is processed by the brain, or if it can be seen at all. Cognitive task requirements should determine which cues to incorporate in a design. We can, for example, choose to use linear perspective, or not, and we can choose to use stereoscopic viewing, or not. However, depth cues are not an all-or-nothing design choice. Incorporating depth cues can enable us to design visualizations that seem three dimensional. The different kinds of depth cues are described including linear perspective, occlusion, stereoscopic depth and motion parallax. These are the means whereby we process distances away from our view point. We begin with an introduction to depth cues. Getting the Information: Visual Space and TimeĬolin Ware, in Visual Thinking for Information Design (Second Edition), 2022 Abstract
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